What Do You Call a Baby Piramataba Catfish What Do You Call a Baby Piramutaba Catfish

Genus of fishes

Brachyplatystoma Temporal range: Middle Miocene - Recent
The fish at height is a Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii, and that beneath is an unidentified Brachyplatystoma
Scientific nomenclature
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Course:	Actinopterygii
Club:	Siluriformes
Family:	Pimelodidae
Genus:	Brachyplatystoma Bleeker, 1862
Type species
Platystoma vaillantii Valenciennes, 1840
Species
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Synonyms
Piramutana Bleeker, 1858 Piratinga Bleeker, 1858 Taenionema Eigenmann & Edible bean, 1907 Goslinia Myers, 1941 Ginesia Fernández-Yépez, 1951 Merodontotus Britski, 1981

Brachyplatystoma is a genus of catfish from the family Pimelodidae.^[ane] Every bit the occasionally used common name goliath catfishes indicates, this genus includes some of the largest species of catfish, including the piraíba, B. filamentosum, which reaches up to the region of three.half dozen metres (12 ft) in length. Brachyplatystoma are found in the Amazon and Orinoco basins, and other tropical freshwater and brackish habitats in South America. Some species are migratory. These fish are of import as nutrient fish and, to some extent, aquarium fish.

Taxonomy [edit]

Brachyplatystoma originates from Greek brachys, platys, and stoma, which mean short, flat, and mouth respectively. This genus was described in 1862 past Pieter Bleeker. The blazon species is B. vaillantii.^[1] The subgenus Malacobagrus is applied to B. capapretum, B. filamentosum, B. rousseauxii, and the extinct species B. promagdalena, which only is known from fossil remains.^{[ii] [iii]}

Brachyplatystoma and its monotypic sis group Platynematichthys are the simply genera in the tribe Brachyplatystomatini. These two genera are characterized past two synapomorphies; these include a gas float divided into an anterior portion and a triangular posterior portion, also as a ventral crest nether the cleithrum, the main bone supporting the pectoral fins.^[three]

The genus Brachyplatystoma was previously not monophyletic; to correct this, the genera Merodontotus and Goslinia are now both included nether Brachyplatysoma. Furthermore, a new species was described in 2005, which brings the species count to seven extant species. B. capapretum is sister to B. filamentosum.^[3]

B. flavicans is not really a species of Brachyplatystoma; this name is a commonly used synonym of Zungaro zungaro.^[4]

Anatomy and appearance [edit]

Brachyplatystoma all exhibit long maxillary barbels that extend by the dorsal fin in all species, only may even extend to the caudal fin. The caudal fin of adult Brachyplatystoma fish is moderately to deeply forked.^[three] Brachyplatystoma have specialized pelagic young with greatly elongated barbels and fin filaments, and strongly ornamented pectoral spines.^[5]

This genus is characterized by 2 synapomorphies. One of these is modified jaw muscles. The other, more obvious trait, is only found in juveniles and subadults, in which the upper and lower rays of the caudal fin are extended into long filaments.^[iii] B. vaillantii is the sister species to all other Brachyplatystoma, marked past differences in the skull, jaw, and other bones.^[3] The subgenus Malacobagrus is characterized by their derived lateral line, Weberian appliance, a subquadrangular gill encompass (as opposed to triangular in other species), and pectoral spine.^[3]

Every bit mentioned, ane of the characteristics of this genus is caudal fin filaments on younger fish. In most of the species these filaments are lost in adulthood, though they are retained in B. tigrinum, B. juruense, and B. platynemum.^[3] Many Brachyplatystoma exhibit countershading, in which the dorsal surface is darker, so fades to a lighter abdomen. In most species, this is consequent throughout life, though there are some exceptions. Juvenile B. capapretum and B. filamentosum exhibit dorsal and lateral spots which mostly disappear in the adult class. Juvenile B. juruense and B. tigrinum exhibit lateral spots that expand to grade vertical stripes equally the fish matures.^[3]

B. capapretum, described in 2005, was previously misidentified as B. filamentosum. These ii species are closely related. Nevertheless, these species differ in premaxillary dentition, juvenile and developed coloration, and adult maxillary barbel length and caudal fin shape. These two species exhibit spotted juvenile stages, though in B. capapretum these spots are much larger than the center, while in B. filamentosum these spots are about the same size as the eye. As well, the cross section of the caudal peduncle is rounded in these two species, equally opposed to a deeper, thinner cantankerous section in other Brachyplatystoma species. The adult B. capapretum has a very dark or even black back (its species name is derived from Portuguese which means black greatcoat), as opposed to the lighter dorsal surface of B. filamentosum.^[3]

Brachyplatystoma includes some of the largest species of Amazonian catfish, including the Piraíba, B. filamentosum, which reaches upward to well-nigh iii.half dozen metres (12 ft) in length and 200 kilograms (440 lb) in weight.^[6] Even the almost minor species reach about 60 cm (23 inches) ^{[7] [8] [9]} The other species range in size from most i–two metres (three.3–vi.6 ft).^{[10] [11] [12]}

B. filamentosum and B. rousseauxii have a mysterious "milk" gland at the anterior upper part of their pectoral fins. Its function is unknown, but in Colombia this fish is known as lechero, which ways milkman.^[13]

The world tape recognized by IGFA for Brachyplatystoma filamentosum belongs to the Brazilian, Jorge Masullo de Aguiar with 155 kg.^{[ citation needed ]}

juvenile Brachyplatystoma sp

Distribution and habitat [edit]

Fish of this genus are found in the Amazon, Orinoco, and The Guyanas in South America.^[three] The genus does not occur west or north of the Andes or in the Venezuelan Coastal Range.^[2] These fish generally inhabit areas that have a soft substrate, such equally mud or sand.^{[6] [10] [7]} The fossil catfish B. promagdalena has been establish in Colombia in an surface area now drained by the Magdalena River, where Brachyplatystoma species are currently absent; during the Miocene, this surface area had been drained past the Amazon and Orinoco system.^[ii]

Ecology [edit]

These fish are mainly piscivorous.^[13] Stomach contents of B. filamentosum have been claimed to sometimes contain monkeys and information technology may fifty-fifty prey on humans.^[half-dozen]

Some of the species of Brachyplatystoma migrate long distances for reproduction. This is known in B. vaillantii, B. platynemum, and B. rousseauxii, only information about the migratory habits of other species are scant.^[2] This migration is associated with white-h2o rivers, as blackness water does non contain enough food for migrating Pimelodids.^[xiv] Maturation is timed to the increment in river level.^[13] Migration begins as the river level begins to ascent with the coming of the rainy flavour.^{[14] [eleven]} B. rousseauxii has the longest reproductive migration of any freshwater fish; from the mouth of the Amazon, migration may stretch 5,500 kilometres (iii,400 mi), a trip which may last 5 to six months, before they spawn in the western tributaries of the Amazon. It is hypothesized that B. rousseauxii is homing, that is, it volition return to the tributary in which information technology was born.^[14] Before spawning, the stomachs of these fish are empty, due to high digestive efficiency.^[xiii]

The immature are carried downstream until they reach estuaries.^[xiv] Juveniles and subadults are commonly found in these habitats.^[10] They may even live in brackish waters at this fourth dimension.^[6] They will live in these estuaries and river mouths for about three years here before inbound the lower reaches of the river.^[xiv] At this still immature stage, they may form groups or school. This is the showtime record of immature, migratory fish in the Amazon bowl.^[15]

Relationship to humans [edit]

Brachyplatystoma are important food fish. In the Amazon Basin, thousands of metric tons of fish from this genus are caught for both local consumption also equally exportation.^[3] These fish are ordinarily defenseless with the use of longlines or migrate nets.^{[six] [10]} They are also captured by harpoon also as ropes with big fish hooks at the end.^[thirteen] B. filamentosum is a major fishery, and B. rousseauxii has become the most important species in the Amazon River basin.^[thirteen] B. rousseauxii and B. vaillantii establish a meaning pct of Amazonian food fish.^[14] Based on a review past IBAMA, B. vaillantii was by far the most defenseless fish past weight in the Brazilian Amazon in 1998, B. rousseauxii the fourth virtually caught and B. filamentosum the sixth (Semaprochilodus spp. second, Prochilodus nigricans third and Brycon spp. fifth).^[16] The mankind of Brachyplatystoma is considered to be of first-class quality.^{[half-dozen] [10]}

Human being activities are a concern in that they may disrupt these fishes. Dams may impede the migration of these fish both to and from their spawning sites.^[fifteen] Gold prospecting may as well frighten these large catfishes in the areas where they spawn. Deforestation tin can also affect the upriver spawning habitats.^[13] Because these fish may migrate back to their original tributary, overfishing in a sure area may reduce a whole genetic group.^[xiv] In some areas, catches have been diminishing due to overfishing.^[three] B. rousseauxii is known to be overfished, and this aforementioned situation may employ to other Brachyplatystoma.^[14] Catch rates of B. filamentosum take decreased drastically from 1977.^[thirteen]

Conversely, there have been recorded incidents where large B. filamentosum accept preyed on humans. In one account documented on the television series River Monsters, a local fisherman was institute having been swallowed caput-first upwards to his waist by one of these catfish, though neither the fish nor the fisherman survived the encounter.

In the aquarium [edit]

Brachyplatystoma are by and large uncommon in the fishkeeping trade. The large size of many of these fish prohibit them from beingness maintained in anything but the largest of aquaria, or in public aquariums. B. tigrinum is a highly prized fish in the fishkeeping hobby, and is ane of the nearly expensive fish in this family.^[17]

These fish should be kept in well-oxygenated aquarium with a high electric current. Due to their large size, the aquarium should too be spacious and any tankmates must exist large enough not to be eaten. The aquarium should non be brightly lit, and hiding places should exist available. Breeding is unreported in captivity.^{[xviii] [19]} Due to the similarity betwixt B. tigrinum and B. juruense, the latter is often known as the Imitation Zebra Shovelnose or Simulated Tigrinus (as B. tigrinum was previously known as Merodontotus tigrinus).^[17]

Species [edit]

At that place are currently seven recognized species in this genus (common name shown in second parentheses):^[one]

• Subgenus Brachyplatystoma:
  • Brachyplatystoma juruense (Boulenger, 1898) (Zebra catfish, Juruense catfish, Gold Zebra Pim, Faux Tigrinus)
  • Brachyplatystoma platynemum Boulenger, 1898 (Slobbering catfish)
  • Brachyplatystoma tigrinum (Britski, 1981) (Tigerstriped catfish, Zebra shovelnose, Royal tiger shovelnose)
  • Brachyplatystoma vaillantii (Valenciennes, 1840) (Laulao catfish, Piramutaba)
• Subgenus Malacobagrus
  • Brachyplatystoma capapretum Lundberg & Akama, 2005 ^[iii]
  • Brachyplatystoma filamentosum (Lichtenstein, 1819) (Kumakuma, Piraíba, Filhote)
  • Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Castelnau, 1855) (Golden Catfish, Dourada (litt. golden in Portuguese. A proper noun also used for several other unrelated species, e.1000. Sparus aurata))

One fossil species is known:

• †Brachyplatystoma promagdalena Lundberg, 2005 – only known from fossils of Miocene origin.^[ii]

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c} Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2012). Species of Brachyplatystoma in FishBase. February 2012 version.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Lundberg, John Yard. (2005). "Brachyplatystoma promagdalena, new species, a fossil goliath catfish (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from the Miocene of Republic of colombia, South America" (PDF). Neotropical Ichthyology. 3 (iv): 597–605. doi:x.1590/S1679-62252005000400017.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f thou h i j k l m due north} Lundberg, John Yard.; Akama, Alberto (2005). Buth, D. (ed.). "Brachyplatystoma capapretum: a New Species of Goliath Catfish from the Amazon Basin, with a Reclassification of Allied Catfishes (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae)" (PDF). Copeia. 2005 (iii): 492–516. doi:10.1643/CI-04-036R1.
4. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Zungaro zungaro " in FishBase. Apr 2007 version.
5. ^ Lundberg, John G.; Berra, Tim M.; Friel, John P. (March 2004). "Showtime description of small juveniles of the primitive catfish Diplomystes (Siluriformes: Diplomystidae)" (PDF). Ichthyol. Explor. Freshwaters. 15 (1): 71–82. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-07-xvi. Retrieved 2014-07-xiv .
6. ^ ^{a b c d e f} Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Brachyplatystoma filamentosum " in FishBase. Apr 2007 version.
7. ^ ^{a b} Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Brachyplatystoma capapretum " in FishBase. Apr 2007 version.
8. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Brachyplatystoma tigrinum " in FishBase. April 2007 version.
9. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Brachyplatystoma juruense " in FishBase. Apr 2007 version.
10. ^ ^{a b c d e} Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Brachyplatystoma vaillantii " in FishBase. April 2007 version.
11. ^ ^{a b} Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Brachyplatystoma platynemum " in FishBase. Apr 2007 version.
12. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2007). "Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii " in FishBase. Apr 2007 version.
13. ^ ^{a b c d e f yard h} Petrere, Miguel Jr.; Barthem, Ronaldo Borges; Córdoba, Edwin Agudelo; Gómez, Bernardo Corrales (2004). "Review of the large catfish fisheries in the upper Amazon and the stock depletion of piraíba (Brachyplatystoma filamentosum Lichtenstein)". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 14 (four): 403–414. doi:10.1007/s11160-004-8362-7.
14. ^ ^{a b c d eastward f thousand h} Batista, J.S.; Alves-Gomes, J.A. (2006). "Phylogeography of Brachyplatystoma rousseauxii (Siluriformes - Pimelodidae) in the Amazon Basin offers preliminary show for the commencement example of "homing" for an Amazonian migratory catfish". Genetics and Molecular Research. 5 (4): 723–740. PMID 17183483. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-04-17 .
15. ^ ^{a b} Barthem, Ronaldo Borges; Ribeiro, Mauro César Lambert de Brito; Petrere, Miguel Jr (1991). "Life Strategies of some Long-Distance Migratory Catfish in Relation to Hydroelectric Dams in the Amazon Basin" (PDF). Biological Conservation. 55 (3): 339–345. doi:10.1016/0006-3207(91)90037-A. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-26.
16. ^ Araujo-Lima, C.A.R.Chiliad.; and One thousand.L. Ruffino (2003). Migratory Fishes of the Brazilian Amazon. Pp. 233—302 in: Carolsfeld, J.; B. Harvey; C. Ross; and A. Baer (editors). Migratory Fishes of South America. ISBN 9781552501146
17. ^ ^{a b} "Brachyplatystoma tigrinum". ScotCat.com. 2006-04-eighteen. Retrieved 2007-04-17 .
18. ^ "Cat-eLog::Pimelodidae::Brachyplatystoma tigrinum". PlanetCatfish.com. Retrieved 2007-04-17 .
19. ^ "Cat-eLog::Pimelodidae::Brachyplatystoma juruense". PlanetCatfish.com. Retrieved 2007-04-17 .

External links [edit]

• Richter, Enrico: Groß - größer - am größten: Raubwelse der Gattung Brachyplatystoma

grahamseallegaid.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brachyplatystoma

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